Abstract ：

Cellulose is a natural polymer that has a lot of potentials. Cellulose gained more interest owing to its renewability, non-toxicity, economic value, biodegradability, high mechanical properties, high surface area, and biocompatibility. New sources, new isolation processes, and new treatments are currently under development to satisfy the increasing demand for producing new types of bio-based materials on an industrial scale. This article discusses the fundamentals and latest breakthroughs in cellulose biopolymer materials used in the fabrication of composite films owing to the cellulose forming films. Bio-polymers are finding wide applications due to their intrinsic properties such as low density, low thermal conductivity, corrosion resistance, and ease of manufacturing complex shapes. Cellulose possesses a highly crystallized structure, hence it is insoluble in typical organic solvents. Environmental restrictions are increasingly stringent, which is a key element leading to the growth of studies on this subject. These hydrocolloids have been modified by taking advantage of their valuable features; the mechanical strength and water resistance of cellulose make it being used as a thickener for large-scale applications such as cellulose composite films can extend the shelf life of a product while maintaining its biodegradability. New materials with high values are a hot topic for future research with commercial interest. These composite film potentials are contributing to the bio-economy. Here, the emphasis on the potential application of bio-composites of cellulose in various industries has been discussed.

Keyword ：

Cellulose Composites Environmental Polymer Properties

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Abstract ：

This work examined the effects of reaction solvent (water/ethanol) and nitrogen source (pyridine/pyrrole) on synthesising N-doped carbon material via a hydrothermal process. The presence of water favored the carbonization of cellulose and doped the nitrogen of pyridine in the form of pyridinic-N and graphitic-N via Maillard reaction, while almost no carbonization and nitrogen doping were observed either in pure pyridine or in pyridine and ethanol mixture. Increasing temperature and the water/pyridine ratio enhanced the carbonization of cellulose and the Maillard reaction between cellulose and pyridine. The N-doped carbon (NC1) derived from the activation of the hydrochar produced at 240 °C for 1 h with a pyridine:water ratio of (5 mL:35 mL) exhibited a significant specific surface area of 544.91 m2/g and a specific capacitance of 214.1 F/g (at 1 A/g) under the three-electrode system. With employing the aqueous phase derived from the above reaction, the derived N-doped carbon (NC2) exhibited a specific surface area of 534.29 m2/g and a specific capacitance of 189.7 F/g. The time constant of NC1 (0.5 s) was higher than that of NC2 (0.28 s), suggesting NC2 operates more quickly in the process of reversible charge-discharge. Over 10,000 cycles at 5 A/g, NC1 maintained 97.82 % of the capacitance, while for NC2, the capacitance retention reached 106 %. Exploring pyrrole in the place of pyridine provided a high yield and high N content of the hydrochars and NCs, but the electrochemical performances were significantly lowered. This work suggests a low-cost and sustainable method for the preparation of N-doped carbon materials for supercapacitors. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd

Keyword ：

Activation; Cellulose; Hydrothermal carbonization; Pyridine; Supercapacitor material

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Abstract ：

Converting biomass into energy and fuels is considered a promising strategy for replacing the exhaustible fossil fuels. In this study, we report on a tandem process that combines cellulose pyrolysis and plasma-assisted reforming for H2 production. The hybrid pyrolysis/plasma reforming process was ca...

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2 Biomass pyrolysis Cellulose H Non-thermal plasmas Plasma catalysis production Reforming

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Abstract ：

Using liquid oxygen carriers is an inventive promising alternative to solving the problems of wear and sintering caused by solid oxygen carriers in chemical looping gasification (CLG). Bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) and Antimony oxide (Sb2O3) were selected as liquid oxygen carriers, and the kinetics of liqui...

Keyword ：

Biomass Cellulose Kinetic analysis Liquid chemical looping gasification Liquid oxygen carrier

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Abstract ：

Ascorbic acid (AscA) and gallic acid (GalA) are common electron donors and their boosting effect on lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMO) has been studied extensively. However, their influence on cellulase hydrolytic action has been ignored. In this work, the effect of AscA and GalA on cellulas...

Keyword ：

Cellulase Cellulose saccharification Electron donor LPMO

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Abstract ：

Nanocelluloses and cellulose nanomaterials derived from natural resources are a group of ideal platform materials for advanced applications. However, their synthesis through sustainable and facile processes to achieve the required properties are still challenging. Here, we prepare the nanocellulose oxalate (n-COX) from cotton with outstanding physicochemical properties by defining the optimal oxalic acid pretreatment conditions. Thus-obtained n-COX with unique 1D nanofiber shape as a platform material is further processed to various high-performance multidimensional bio-nanomaterials through several simple yet effective strategies. First, 2D n-COX films prepared through a casting-drying method show comparable or even better transparency and tensile strength than those made from other types of nanocelluloses. Second, 3D n-COX hydrogels/aerogels fabricated by a molding-crosslinking approach demonstrate good shape stability, well-preserved nanoporous networks, and qualified mechanical properties. Third, n-COX-derived bioinks display improved printability and fidelity, resulting in better size-preserving and shape-control of the 3D-bioprinted scaffolds. We expect this work could offer new insights on engineering natural cellulose and using n-COX as a platform material for further advanced fabrication, and thus, open up application potentials of this new nanocellulose.

Keyword ：

Cellulose-based functional biomaterials Multidimensional nanomaterials Nanocellulose Nanocellulose oxalate

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Cellulose insulating paper is widely used in the power industry for its good electrical insulating properties. Moisture sharply increases its conductivity, which directly leads to the weakening of insulation performance and greatly increases the risk of subsequent electric field distortion and insulation breakdown. This paper focuses on the microscopic mechanism of moisture changing the characteristics of charge transport in cellulose insulation and attempts to reveal the related conductivity mechanism. To achieve this purpose, microscopic and macroscopic perspectives are integrated and several simulation and experimental methods are utilized comprehensively. The molecular dynamics simulation results showed that most water molecules in damped cellulose were individually and uniformly adsorbed on the hydroxyl groups by hydrogen bond, and the quantum chemistry computation results showed that the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital more appeared on the water molecule and the corresponding density of state increased. Then, experimentally, it was confirmed that the trap energy level decreased by the thermally stimulated current method. On this basis, the promotion effect of moisture on charge transport is predicted and verified by polarization and depolarization current methods. As the moisture content increased, more charge carriers escaped from the trap by hopping and participated in long-range continuous charge motion. Therefore, after dampness, the current of cellulose insulating paper increased exponentially with the increase in electric field strength, which was consistent with the hopping conductivity mechanism. © 2022 Author(s).

Keyword ：

Cellulose Depolarization Electric fields Hydrogen bonds Moisture Molecular dynamics Molecular orbitals Molecules Quantum theory

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Abstract ：

Heteroatom-doped activated carbons are ideal materials for energy storage devices. In this work, a series of nitrogen/oxygen codoped activated carbons with an inverse opal-like structure derived from cellulose diacetate are successfully synthesized through hydrothermal reaction and subsequent chemical activation during which the fluxing effect of KOH is discovered for the first time. The introduction of nitrogen and intrinsic oxygen (especially carbonyl and quinone groups) contributes to additional pseudocapacitance. The experimental results show that the obtained product delivers 400.3 F g-1 at a current density of 1 A g-1 in a three-electrode system and achieves extraordinary capacity retention of 90% after 10,000 charge-discharge cycles at 5 A g-1. The energy density reaches as high as 8.8 Wh kg-1 at a power density of 0.25 kW kg-1 as symmetric supercapacitors, indicating a promising electrode material for high performance supercapacitors. The simple and cost-effective method requires no extra oxidation and excessive urea and thus provides new approaches for the future design of electrode materials. (c) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keyword ：

Cellulose diacetate Hierarchical porous carbons Inverse opal-like structure Nitrogen oxygen codoping Supercapacitor

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Abstract ：

The isolation of cellulose has found considerable applications recently due to its attractive characteristics. Cellulose from Albizia gummifera of different size classifications (425 μm–599 μm and 600 μm–849 μm) was investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyses. The crystal plane of the preferred orientation was at (020) for the most prominent peaks. The two size classifications have a strong broad peak around 3320 cm−1 (425 μm–599 μm), and 3330 cm−1 (600 μm–849 μm), which corresponds to a different stretching mode of O–H. High percentages of carbon (C) and oxygen (O) were noticed among the elements observed in the two size classifications. The crystallinity index (CrI) obtained for the two sizes were 61.1% for 425–599 μm, and 55.8% for 600 μm–849 μm. The 425 μm–599 μm size classification had a greater crystallinity index than the 600 μm–849 μm size classification, which indicates a stronger capacity for reinforcing. These particles were also effective as fillers in composite materials. The results revealed that Albizia gummifera cellulose possessed promising potential for device applications and capable of being used in the preparation of composite materials. © 2022

Keyword ：

Cellulose; Crystalline index; FTIR; SEM; Size classifications; Wood; XRD

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Abstract ：

Ascorbic acid (AscA) and gallic acid (GalA) are common electron donors and their boosting effect on lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMO) has been studied extensively. However, their influence on cellulase hydrolytic action has been ignored. In this work, the effect of AscA and GalA on cellulases hydrolytic action was evaluated. It was found that AscA could increase the hydrolysis of cellulose by cellulases, while GalA showed no effect on cellulases' hydrolytic action. The effect of AscA differed for the monocomponent cellulases: it showed a special boosting effect on cellobiohydrolase, rather than endoglucanase and beta-glucosidase. This promoting effect could be another mechanism behind the boosting effect of the AscA-driven LPMO system on cellulose saccharification. These findings thus advance the understanding of the role of electron donors on cellulose saccharification and offer important clues on how to evaluate the feasibility of electron donors from a new perspective.

Keyword ：

Cellulase Cellulose saccharification Electron donor LPMO

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