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A transducer is a system that couples two loads. For example, an electromechanical transducer couples a mechanical force and an electrical voltage. A two-load, nonlinear system can exhibit rich behavior of bifurcation, which can be displayed in a three-dimensional space, with the horizontal plane representing the two loads, and the vertical axis representing the state of the system. In this three-dimensional space, a state of equilibrium at fixed loads corresponds to a point on a surface. The surface is smooth, but its projection to the load plane results in singularities of two types: fold and cusp. Here we identify the fold and cusp for a dielectric elastomer transducer by a combination of experiment and calculation. We conduct two kinds of experiment: electrical actuation under a constant force and mechanical pulling under a constant voltage. The theory and the experiment agree well. The fold and cusp are essential in the design of loading paths to avoid or harness the bifurcation.
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED MECHANICS
ISSN: 1758-8251
Year: 2016
Issue: 7
Volume: 8
1 . 9 5 4
JCR@2016
3 . 2 2 4
JCR@2020
ESI Discipline: ENGINEERING;
ESI HC Threshold:128
JCR Journal Grade:3
Cited Count:
WoS CC Cited Count: 14
SCOPUS Cited Count: 15
ESI Highly Cited Papers on the List: 0 Unfold All
WanFang Cited Count:
Chinese Cited Count:
30 Days PV: 10