Bacterial　translocation　(BT)　promotes　microinflammation　in　predialysis　patients　with　end-stage　renal　disease　(ESRD).　However,　the　change　in　BT　has　not　been　reported　in　ESRD　patients　undergoing　regular　hemodialysis　treatment.　The　present　study　investigated　whether　hemodialysis　promotes　gut　BT　and　microinflammation.　The　blood,　gut,　and　dialysate　of　hemodialysis　patients　were　analyzed　using　bacterial　16S　rDNA　amplification　and　DNA　pyrosequencing　to　determine　the　presence　of　bacteria　and　alteration　in　gut　microbiomes.　High-sensitive　C-reactive　protein　(hs-CRP),　interleukin-6　(IL-6),　and　endotoxin　were　also　determined.　Plasma　d-lactate　was　tested　for　gut　permeability.　Bacteria　were　present　in　the　plasma　of　12　out　of　52　ESRD　patients.　The　majority　of　the　bacteria　detected　in　the　blood　were　also　distributed　in　the　gut　of　ESRD　patients　on　the　basis　of　the　phylogenetics　of　the　blood　and　gut　microbial　specimens　in　the　patients.　In　patient,　groups　treated　with　and　without　hemodialysis,　the　plasma　hs-CRP,　IL-6,　and　endotoxin　levels　differed　between　the　positive　and　negative　plasma　bacterial　DNA.　In　patients　who　were　positive　in　blood　bacteria,　the　bacterial　DNA　concentration　was　positively　correlated　with　plasma　levels　of　CRP　and　IL-6.　The　ESRD　patients　who　underwent　hemodialysis　had　a　different　flora　and　showed　slightly　higher　levels　of　hs-CRP,　IL-6,　and　plasma　endotoxin,　compared　with　those　in　ESRD　patients　who　did　not　undergo　hemodialysis.　ESRD,　rather　than　hemodialysis,　primarily　contributes　to　BT　and　microinflammation　in　ESRD　patients.　Hemodialysis　may　exaggerate　microinflammation　in　ESRD　patients　to　some　extent.