Query：
学者姓名：方宇
Refining：
Year
Type
Indexed by
Source
Complex
Co-Author
Language
Clean All
Abstract ：
Objective Drug promotion is a factor that promotes the irrational use of drugs and sometimes negatively influences the prescribing/dispensing pattern. So there was a need to assess the views about accepting gifts and attitudes/influence towards drug promotion among community pharmacists in Punjab, Pakistan. Setting Adopting a preused questionnaire, we conducted a cross-sectional multiple-site survey study. We distributed questionnaires to pharmacists in the community pharmacies to investigate the exposure, scepticism and acceptance to drug promotion as well as their perception about the appropriateness of gifts and to check if they had been taught about dealing with medical representatives. Data were analysed in simple percentages, and the chi(2) test was used to evaluate association with demographics. All the analysis was done using SPSS V.23.0. Results A total 86.9% (463/533) pharmacists completed the survey. One out of four pharmacists reported being taught about the ethics of drug promotion (26.8%) and about how to interpret drug promotional material (25.0%) and were significantly associated with higher age (age 31%-35 years, 81.9%; p<0.05). More than two-thirds of the respondents found it appropriate to accept stationery (73.4%) and textbooks (70.6%) as gifts, and only 17.5% felt it was appropriate to accept direct money. Less than half of the pharmacists (47.3%) perceived drug companies were useful for gaining knowledge about new drugs. Majority (76.2%) thought these drug promotions play a role in the irrational prescribing of antibiotics and 18.6% dispensed antibiotics due to these promotions. Conclusion The majority of pharmacists participating in this study felt it was appropriate to receive small value gifts from pharmaceutical companies. Only a small proportion of the respondents was given ethical training and education about drug promotion. Improving the syllabus and updating the pharmacist's knowledge after graduation, as part of continued pharmacy education, will eventually improve the healthcare professionals' capability to act for the patients' welfare.
Keyword ：
health policy medical ethics public health
Cite：
Copy from the list or Export to your reference management。
| GB/T 7714 | Gillani, Ali Hassan , Zhao, Mingyue , Hussain, Azzah Khadim et al. Community pharmacists' perception and exposure to drug promotion in Pakistan: a cross-sectional study [J]. | BMJ OPEN , 2022 , 12 (1) . |
| MLA | Gillani, Ali Hassan et al. "Community pharmacists' perception and exposure to drug promotion in Pakistan: a cross-sectional study" . | BMJ OPEN 12 . 1 (2022) . |
| APA | Gillani, Ali Hassan , Zhao, Mingyue , Hussain, Azzah Khadim , Munir, Kiran , Masood, Shamaila , Saeed, Amna et al. Community pharmacists' perception and exposure to drug promotion in Pakistan: a cross-sectional study . | BMJ OPEN , 2022 , 12 (1) . |
| Export to | NoteExpress RIS BibTex |
Abstract ：
Objective: To determine the awareness and attitudes of the Pakistani population regarding physician-pharmaceutical company interactions.Methods: The data were collected from primary health care clinics and pharmacy outlets located within cities of six randomly selected districts of the Punjab Province. Those individuals (age >= 18 years) who have just completed their visit to the physician and well understand Urdu language were approached. Descriptive analysis was performed for all variables by using SPSS (IBM version 26).Results: A total of 3,852 participants fully completed the study out of 4,301 (response rate 89.5%). Of those, 30.9% were female; two-thirds (66.7%) were aware of drug representatives' visits to clinics. The majority were aware of pharmaceutical company material presence (or absence) in the physicians' rooms (56.6%), company items with logos (66.8%), patient education materials (73.4%), and 60.8% thought that receiving gifts from companies was "wrong/unethical" practice for physicians, which was lower in comparison to other professions such as judges to accept gifts from lawyers (65.6%) and professional sports umpires to acknowledge gifts (64.3%). A minority said that they have lower trust on physicians for using drug company notepads or pens (16.7%), going on trips sponsored by the company (16.7%), accepting gifts <15,000 PKR (90.3 US$) (26.7%), and accepting gifts >15,000 PKR (90.3 US$) (40.0%).Conclusion: Survey participants were well aware of physician-pharmaceutical company interactions. Participants were more knowledgeable regarding the pharmaceutical company presence (or absence) in physicians' offices than about gift-related practices of physicians. Trust on the physician was not affected by small gifts but by the large gifts.
Keyword ：
general public interaction Pakistan pharmaceutical company physician
Cite：
Copy from the list or Export to your reference management。
| GB/T 7714 | Gillani, Ali Hassan , Omer, Sumaira , Arshad, Hafsa et al. Awareness and Attitudes of the Pakistani Population With Regard to Physician-Pharmaceutical Company Interaction: A Cross-Sectional Study [J]. | FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY , 2022 , 12 . |
| MLA | Gillani, Ali Hassan et al. "Awareness and Attitudes of the Pakistani Population With Regard to Physician-Pharmaceutical Company Interaction: A Cross-Sectional Study" . | FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY 12 (2022) . |
| APA | Gillani, Ali Hassan , Omer, Sumaira , Arshad, Hafsa , Liu, Wenchen , Chen, Chen , Bashir, Sadia et al. Awareness and Attitudes of the Pakistani Population With Regard to Physician-Pharmaceutical Company Interaction: A Cross-Sectional Study . | FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY , 2022 , 12 . |
| Export to | NoteExpress RIS BibTex |
Abstract ：
The spread of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR TB) poses significant challenges to the control and successful eradication of TB globally. The current retrospective study was designed to evaluate the treatment outcomes and identify the risk factors associated with unsuccessful outcomes among DR TB patients. A total of 277/308 eligible DR TB patients were enrolled for treatment at the programmatic management unit of DR TB at the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad between January 2014 and July 2019. Treatment outcomes were defined according to the WHO recommendations. Death, treatment failure, and lost to follow-up (LTFU) were collectively grouped as unsuccessful treatment outcomes, whereas cured and treatment completed were summed up together as successful treatment outcomes. Out of the total 277 patients, 265 (95.67%) were multidrug/rifampicin-resistant TB (MDR/RR-TB) cases, 8 (2.89%) were isoniazid resistant cases, and 4 (1.44%) were extensively drug-resistant ones. In the current cohort, a total of 177 (63.9%) achieved successful treatment outcomes. Among them, 153 (55.2%) were declared cured and 24 (8.7%) completed their treatment. Of the remaining 100 (36.1%) patients with unsuccessful outcomes, 60 (21.7%) died, 32 (11.5%) were LTFU, and 8 (2.9%) had failed treatment. The proportion of male patients was relatively higher (55.2%), within the age group of 21-40 years (47.3%) and lived in rural areas (66.8%). The multivariate analysis revealed that unsuccessful outcomes had a statistically significant association with being male (adjusted odds ratio, AOR: 1.92, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.10-3.36), being in an age group above 60 years (AOR: 3.34, 95% CI: 1.09-10.1), suffering from any comorbidity (AOR: 2.69, 95% CI: 1.35-5.38), and the history of use of second-line drugs (AOR; 3.51, 95% CI 1.35-9.12). In conclusion, treatment outcomes among DR TB patients at the study site were poor and did not achieve the treatment success target (>= 75%) set by the World Health Organization.
Keyword ：
antibiotics drug-resistant tuberculosis epidemiology factors treatment success
Cite：
Copy from the list or Export to your reference management。
| GB/T 7714 | Khan, Farman Ullah , Rehman, Asim Ur , Khan, Faiz Ullah et al. Assessment of Factors Associated with Unfavorable Outcomes among Drug-Resistant TB Patients: A 6-Year Retrospective Study from Pakistan [J]. | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH , 2022 , 19 (3) . |
| MLA | Khan, Farman Ullah et al. "Assessment of Factors Associated with Unfavorable Outcomes among Drug-Resistant TB Patients: A 6-Year Retrospective Study from Pakistan" . | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 19 . 3 (2022) . |
| APA | Khan, Farman Ullah , Rehman, Asim Ur , Khan, Faiz Ullah , Hayat, Khezar , Khan, Amjad , Ahmad, Nafees et al. Assessment of Factors Associated with Unfavorable Outcomes among Drug-Resistant TB Patients: A 6-Year Retrospective Study from Pakistan . | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH , 2022 , 19 (3) . |
| Export to | NoteExpress RIS BibTex |
Abstract ：
Background: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a growing public health problem. Treatment regimens used against MDR-TB are costly, prolonged, and associated with more side effects as compared with the drug-susceptible tuberculosis. This study was framed to determine the incidence of adverse drug events, risk factors, and their management in MDR-TB patients.Methods: This prospective follow-up cohort study was conducted at the site of programmatic management of drug-resistant TB located at the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad. All patients, irrespective of their age, gender, and ethnicity, were included in the study. Adverse drug events were observed in patients at different time points during the study. Patients enrolled for the treatment from January 2018 were prospectively followed till December 2020 up to their end treatment outcomes.Results: Out of 126 MDR-TB patients enrolled for treatment, 116 met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis. Most patients (50.9%) were between 18 and 45 years of age. A minimum of one adverse event was experienced by (50.9%) patients. Of all the adverse events, gastrointestinal disorders were more frequent (47.4%), followed by arthralgia (28.4%) and psychiatric disturbance (20.6%). Furthermore, multivariate analysis showed a significant association with the incidence of adverse events in patients with age group above 60 years (odds ratio (OR) 4.50; 95% CI 1.05-19.2), active smokers (OR 4.20; 95% CI 1.31-13.4), delayed reporting to the TB center (OR 4.03; 95% CI 1.34-12.1), and treatment without bedaquiline regime (OR 3.54; 95% CI 1.23-10.1). Most of the patients (94.6%), counseled by the pharmacist, were found to be satisfied with the information provided and looked for more pharmacist counseling opportunities in the management of MDR-TB.Conclusion: Current findings recommend that ADEs might be well managed by timely identification and reporting. Bedaquiline coupled with other active medications lowered the chance of ADEs in MDR-TB patients. Elderly patients, active smoking behavior, and those who have a delay in the treatment initiation are more prone to ADEs. Clinical pharmacist's contribution to TB control programs may help caregivers and patients concerning the rational use of medication, early detection, and management of ADEs.
Keyword ：
adverse drug event management multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patient satisfaction pharmacist
Cite：
Copy from the list or Export to your reference management。
| GB/T 7714 | Khan, Farman Ullah , Khan, Amjad , Khan, Faiz Ullah et al. Assessment of Adverse Drug Events, Their Risk Factors, and Management Among Patients Treated for Multidrug-Resistant TB: A Prospective Cohort Study From Pakistan [J]. | FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY , 2022 , 13 . |
| MLA | Khan, Farman Ullah et al. "Assessment of Adverse Drug Events, Their Risk Factors, and Management Among Patients Treated for Multidrug-Resistant TB: A Prospective Cohort Study From Pakistan" . | FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY 13 (2022) . |
| APA | Khan, Farman Ullah , Khan, Amjad , Khan, Faiz Ullah , Hayat, Khezar , Rehman, Asim ur. , Chang, Jie et al. Assessment of Adverse Drug Events, Their Risk Factors, and Management Among Patients Treated for Multidrug-Resistant TB: A Prospective Cohort Study From Pakistan . | FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY , 2022 , 13 . |
| Export to | NoteExpress RIS BibTex |
Abstract ：
Objective: Surveying public awareness of antibiotic use and antibiotics can identify factors relevant to the design of effective educational campaigns. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to antibiotic use and multidrug-resistant pathogens in the general population in Pakistan.Research Design and Methods: Cross-sectional survey was conducted, using a 60 itemed structured questionnaire and recruited individuals by convenient sampling from the general population in the four provinces of the country. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate the responses and the chi squared statistic was used to assess differences between groups.Results: The response rate was 87.6% (6,684 out of 7,631 individuals). Half of the respondents had received at least one prescription of antibiotics in the 6 months preceding the survey. Knowledge about antibiotic use, (39.8%) individuals scored above the mean (>= 3) showed good knowledge about antibiotic use. Urban residents and male showed significant higher knowledge (p < 0.001) about antibiotic use. Approximately 50% of the respondents correctly answered the question about antibiotic resistance. Of the 3,611 received antibiotics, 855 (23.7%) were indicated for cough, 497 (13.8%) for a sore throat, 335 (9.3%) for ear ache, 665 (18.4%) for a burning sensation during urination, 667 (18.4%) for wounds or soft tissue inflammation. MDR pathogen was perceived as an important topic by (4,010) 60.1% of respondents.Conclusion: Participants were aware of the problem of multidrug-resistant pathogens and understood the responsibility of each individual to avoid the spread of these infectious agents.
Keyword ：
adherence antibiotic use knowledge multi-drug resistant pathogens population-based
Cite：
Copy from the list or Export to your reference management。
| GB/T 7714 | Arshad, Hafsa , Gillani, Ali Hassan , Akbar, Jamshaid et al. Knowledge on Multi-Drug Resistant Pathogens, Antibiotic Use and Self-Reported Adherence to Antibiotic Intake: A Population-Based Cross Sectional Survey From Pakistan [J]. | FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY , 2022 , 13 . |
| MLA | Arshad, Hafsa et al. "Knowledge on Multi-Drug Resistant Pathogens, Antibiotic Use and Self-Reported Adherence to Antibiotic Intake: A Population-Based Cross Sectional Survey From Pakistan" . | FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY 13 (2022) . |
| APA | Arshad, Hafsa , Gillani, Ali Hassan , Akbar, Jamshaid , Abbas, Huda , Ahmed, Asma Bashir , Gillani, Syed Nouman Hassan et al. Knowledge on Multi-Drug Resistant Pathogens, Antibiotic Use and Self-Reported Adherence to Antibiotic Intake: A Population-Based Cross Sectional Survey From Pakistan . | FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY , 2022 , 13 . |
| Export to | NoteExpress RIS BibTex |
Abstract ：
Countries need healthcare professionals who are competent first responders with a positive attitude and prepared to deal with catastrophes. The study evaluated the knowledge, attitude, and readiness of the practice of healthcare professionals towards disaster management. A survey was carried out among hospital healthcare professionals using a self-administered validated questionnaire. The questionnaire comprised knowledge, attitude, and readiness to practice items. Descriptive and inferential statistics (Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, correlation and regression tests) at alpha = 0.05 were used in the analysis. The mean (SD) score of knowledge was 12.25 (4.27) (range: 3.00 to 20.00), attitude (39.32 +/- 9.55; range: 18.00 to 61.00), readiness to practice (32.41 +/- 6.69; range: 21.00 to 61.00), and KArP (83.99 +/- 12.21; range: 60.00 to 124.00). The average knowledge score was moderate, low attitude score, moderate readiness to practice score, and an average score of overall KArP. Attitude is a significant predictor of readiness to practice (p = 0.000). The levels of knowledge, attitude, and readiness of the practice of healthcare professionals were not satisfactory. The educators and health policymakers should build a robust curriculum in disaster medicine management and preparedness to prepare for the future of competent healthcare professionals for the nation.
Keyword ：
disaster disaster preparedness healthcare personnel healthcare settings low- and middle-income countries
Cite：
Copy from the list or Export to your reference management。
| GB/T 7714 | Gillani, Ali Hassan , Li, Shi , Akbar, Jamshaid et al. How Prepared Are the Health Care Professionals for Disaster Medicine Management? An Insight from Pakistan [J]. | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH , 2022 , 19 (1) . |
| MLA | Gillani, Ali Hassan et al. "How Prepared Are the Health Care Professionals for Disaster Medicine Management? An Insight from Pakistan" . | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 19 . 1 (2022) . |
| APA | Gillani, Ali Hassan , Li, Shi , Akbar, Jamshaid , Omer, Sumaira , Fatima, Bakhtawar , Ibrahim, Mohamed Izham Mohamed et al. How Prepared Are the Health Care Professionals for Disaster Medicine Management? An Insight from Pakistan . | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH , 2022 , 19 (1) . |
| Export to | NoteExpress RIS BibTex |
Abstract ：
BackgroundIn China, the pharmacy departments of most hospitals have changed their main focus from drug procurement and distribution to providing pharmaceutical care services. Various regions of China have successively implemented the pilot Chief Pharmacist System (CPS) to help improve pharmaceutical care services and rational drug use in hospitals. This study was designed to explore the perspectives of pharmacists and government officials on CPS, including the advantages and barriers to the successful implementation of CPS. MethodsA qualitative study, based on semi-structured interviews, was conducted from October 1, 2018 to March 1, 2019. The interview data were gathered from 18 pharmacy staff and government representatives working in five distinct regions of China using purposive sampling. A thematic analysis approach and NVivo version 12 Plus was utilized to code and analysis of all interviews. ResultsFive broad themes were identified: the role of the chief pharmacist; their attitudes toward the CPS; the advantages and results of the CPS; the barriers toward CPS; and their suggestions toward CPS. Most of the participants believed that the chief pharmacist played a vital role in a hospital. Under CPS, the hospital pharmacy department pays more attention to prescription review, medication monitoring, and pharmaceutical consultation. However, an insufficient number of pharmacy personnel, unclear authority, and inadequate salaries were the main barriers to the implementation of the CPS. ConclusionThe attitudes of most of the participants were found to be positive toward CPS in China. The CPS can enhance the prestige of the hospital pharmacy department, improve the quality of hospital pharmaceutical care services, and promote rational drug use. Nevertheless, certain barriers highlighted in this study should be addressed promptly.
Keyword ：
chief pharmacist system China health system pharmaceutical service qualitative study
Cite：
Copy from the list or Export to your reference management。
| GB/T 7714 | Yang, Ruomeng , Li, Qian , Hayat, Khezar et al. Views of Pharmacists and Government Representatives Toward the Pilot Chief Pharmacist System in Chinese Hospitals: A Multicenter Exploratory Qualitative Study [J]. | FRONTIERS IN PUBLIC HEALTH , 2022 , 10 . |
| MLA | Yang, Ruomeng et al. "Views of Pharmacists and Government Representatives Toward the Pilot Chief Pharmacist System in Chinese Hospitals: A Multicenter Exploratory Qualitative Study" . | FRONTIERS IN PUBLIC HEALTH 10 (2022) . |
| APA | Yang, Ruomeng , Li, Qian , Hayat, Khezar , Zhai, Panpan , Liu, Wenchen , Chen, Chen et al. Views of Pharmacists and Government Representatives Toward the Pilot Chief Pharmacist System in Chinese Hospitals: A Multicenter Exploratory Qualitative Study . | FRONTIERS IN PUBLIC HEALTH , 2022 , 10 . |
| Export to | NoteExpress RIS BibTex |
Abstract ：
Background: Despite cannabis's societal ubiquity, several African states remain traditional prohibitionists. However, cannabis is becoming a more explored frontier from a health, human rights, and monetary perspective. A number of African countries have taken to tailoring their policies to better engage in emerging global dialogs. Nevertheless, the focus is majorly on the crop's financial appeal with less consideration on impacts of policies. This review aimed to specifically focus on the identification of existing or pending policies, indicating national positioning in terms of recreational and medicinal cannabis use and summarizing publications addressing related impacts in Africa.Methods: We systematically searched six academic research databases (including Google Scholar), Google, country specific websites, and websites of relevant organizations. Included publications were in English and published between January 1, 2000, and November 31, 2020 (with exception granted to official legislation not in English and/or published earlier than 2000, but still in effect). Reference lists of included publications were screened for potentially relevant publications. Results were synthesized thematically and descriptively.Results: Cannabis is Africa's most consumed illegal substance, its use entrenched in social, political, historical, economic, and medicinal ties. African users constitute a third of the worldly total and cultivation is a major activity. Policies have led to prison overcrowding, accelerated environmental damage, and sourced regional instability. South Africa, Seychelles, and Ghana have decriminalized personal use with Egypt and Mozambique exploring similar legislation. Eleven countries have existing or pending medicinal cannabis-specific provisions. South Africa and Seychelles stand out as having regulations for patients to access medicinal cannabis. Other countries have made provisions geared toward creating export markets and economic diversification.Conclusion: Cannabis policy is a composite and complex issue. Official stances taken are based on long withstanding narratives and characterized by a range of contributing factors. Policy changes based on modern trends should include larger studies of previous policy impacts and future-oriented analysis of country-level goals incorporated with a greater understanding of public opinion.
Keyword ：
Africa cannabis medicinal cannabis policy recreational cannabis
Cite：
Copy from the list or Export to your reference management。
| GB/T 7714 | Kitchen, Chenai , Kabba, John Alimamy , Fang, Yu . Status and Impacts of Recreational and Medicinal Cannabis Policies in Africa: A Systematic Review and Thematic Analysis of Published and "Gray" Literature [J]. | CANNABIS AND CANNABINOID RESEARCH , 2022 , 7 (3) : 239-261 . |
| MLA | Kitchen, Chenai et al. "Status and Impacts of Recreational and Medicinal Cannabis Policies in Africa: A Systematic Review and Thematic Analysis of Published and "Gray" Literature" . | CANNABIS AND CANNABINOID RESEARCH 7 . 3 (2022) : 239-261 . |
| APA | Kitchen, Chenai , Kabba, John Alimamy , Fang, Yu . Status and Impacts of Recreational and Medicinal Cannabis Policies in Africa: A Systematic Review and Thematic Analysis of Published and "Gray" Literature . | CANNABIS AND CANNABINOID RESEARCH , 2022 , 7 (3) , 239-261 . |
| Export to | NoteExpress RIS BibTex |
Abstract ：
The influenza vaccination coverage among children is low in China. We aimed to conduct a nationwide survey to quantify parental preferences and willingness to pay (WTP) for influenza vaccination for their children. Parents with children aged six months to 18 years from six provinces in China were investigated by a discrete choice experiment regarding six influenza vaccination attributes. Mixed logit models were used to estimate the relative importance of vaccine attributes and parents' WTP. Interaction analysis and subgroup analysis were conducted to explore preference heterogeneity. A total of 1206 parents were included in the analysis. Parents reported vaccine effectiveness as the most important vaccine attribute. The mode of vaccine administration had no significant impact on parents' preferences. Parents aged over 30 years with higher education or income levels were more likely to prefer no influenza vaccination for their children. The largest marginal WTP (CNY 802.57) for vaccination and the largest increase in vaccine uptake (41.85%) occurred with improved vaccine effectiveness from 30% to 80%. Parents from central regions or mid-latitude areas had a relatively lower WTP than those from other regions. No significant difference in the relative importance of vaccine attributes were observed among parents from various regions of China.
Keyword ：
children discrete choice experiment influenza vaccine preference vaccine uptake willingness to pay
Cite：
Copy from the list or Export to your reference management。
| GB/T 7714 | Jiang, Minghuan , Gong, Yilin , Fang, Yu et al. Parental Preferences of Influenza Vaccination for Children in China: A National Survey with a Discrete Choice Experiment [J]. | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH , 2022 , 19 (4) . |
| MLA | Jiang, Minghuan et al. "Parental Preferences of Influenza Vaccination for Children in China: A National Survey with a Discrete Choice Experiment" . | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 19 . 4 (2022) . |
| APA | Jiang, Minghuan , Gong, Yilin , Fang, Yu , Yao, Xuelin , Feng, Liuxin , Zhu, Shan et al. Parental Preferences of Influenza Vaccination for Children in China: A National Survey with a Discrete Choice Experiment . | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH , 2022 , 19 (4) . |
| Export to | NoteExpress RIS BibTex |
Abstract ：
Background: Diabetes is among the top ten most prevalent diseases in Pakistan, and the availability of medicines to treat the disease is vital for a great percentage of the country's population. Insulin was discovered a century ago; however, its access in several parts of the globe remains an issue. This study aims to evaluate prices, availability, and affordability (access components) of insulin and five comparator medicine access in Pakistan.Methods: A nationwide cross-sectional survey was conducted to evaluate the access to insulin and some comparator medicines in eight cities of Pakistan, using a modified WHO/HAI methodology. The survey included 80 medicine outlets, i.e., 40 private pharmacies and 40 public hospitals. Data for every unique insulin product available in the Pakistani market were obtained, including five comparator medicines. Percentage availability, median unit prices (MUPs), and affordability (the number of days' wages (NDWs) required for a month's course by the lowest-paid unskilled government worker) of all products were calculated, including originator brands (OBs) and biosimilar (BS) products.Results: Of all insulin products surveyed (n = 320), 87.5% were manufactured by foreign multinational companies (MNCs). None of the insulin products had an ideal availability of 80% in any of the surveyed health facilities. In the public sector, none of the insulin products had an availability of more than 50%. In the public sector, the overall availability of human insulin was 70% (including OB and BS). While in the private sector, the overall availability of human insulin was 90% and that of analog insulin was 62.5%. The analog insulin products were 72.8% costlier than the human insulin products. The median prices of BS insulin were 25.4% lower than the OB products, indicating that almost one-fourth of the cost could be saved by switching to BS human insulin from OB human insulin. All oral anti-diabetic medicines were found to be affordable, whereas none of the insulin was affordable. The NDWs for human and analog insulin were 1.38 and 5.06.Conclusion: In Pakistan, the insulin availability falls short of the WHO's benchmark of 80%. Insulin continues to be unaffordable in both private and government sectors. To increase insulin access, the government should optimize insulin procurement at all levels, promote local production, enforce biosimilar prescribing, and provide financial subsidies for these products.
Keyword ：
affordability availability insulin Pakistan price
Cite：
Copy from the list or Export to your reference management。
| GB/T 7714 | Saeed, Amna , Lambojon, Krizzia , Saeed, Hamid et al. Access to Insulin Products in Pakistan: A National Scale Cross-Sectional Survey on Prices, Availability, and Affordability [J]. | FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY , 2022 , 13 . |
| MLA | Saeed, Amna et al. "Access to Insulin Products in Pakistan: A National Scale Cross-Sectional Survey on Prices, Availability, and Affordability" . | FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY 13 (2022) . |
| APA | Saeed, Amna , Lambojon, Krizzia , Saeed, Hamid , Saleem, Zikria , Anwer, Naveed , Aziz, Muhammad Majid et al. Access to Insulin Products in Pakistan: A National Scale Cross-Sectional Survey on Prices, Availability, and Affordability . | FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY , 2022 , 13 . |
| Export to | NoteExpress RIS BibTex |
Export
| Results： |
Selected to |
| Format： |
