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Abstract ：
Objective: To determine the awareness and attitudes of the Pakistani population regarding physician-pharmaceutical company interactions.Methods: The data were collected from primary health care clinics and pharmacy outlets located within cities of six randomly selected districts of the Punjab Province. Those individuals (age >= 18 years) who have just completed their visit to the physician and well understand Urdu language were approached. Descriptive analysis was performed for all variables by using SPSS (IBM version 26).Results: A total of 3,852 participants fully completed the study out of 4,301 (response rate 89.5%). Of those, 30.9% were female; two-thirds (66.7%) were aware of drug representatives' visits to clinics. The majority were aware of pharmaceutical company material presence (or absence) in the physicians' rooms (56.6%), company items with logos (66.8%), patient education materials (73.4%), and 60.8% thought that receiving gifts from companies was "wrong/unethical" practice for physicians, which was lower in comparison to other professions such as judges to accept gifts from lawyers (65.6%) and professional sports umpires to acknowledge gifts (64.3%). A minority said that they have lower trust on physicians for using drug company notepads or pens (16.7%), going on trips sponsored by the company (16.7%), accepting gifts <15,000 PKR (90.3 US$) (26.7%), and accepting gifts >15,000 PKR (90.3 US$) (40.0%).Conclusion: Survey participants were well aware of physician-pharmaceutical company interactions. Participants were more knowledgeable regarding the pharmaceutical company presence (or absence) in physicians' offices than about gift-related practices of physicians. Trust on the physician was not affected by small gifts but by the large gifts.
Keyword ：
general public interaction Pakistan pharmaceutical company physician
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| GB/T 7714 | Gillani, Ali Hassan , Omer, Sumaira , Arshad, Hafsa et al. Awareness and Attitudes of the Pakistani Population With Regard to Physician-Pharmaceutical Company Interaction: A Cross-Sectional Study [J]. | FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY , 2022 , 12 . |
| MLA | Gillani, Ali Hassan et al. "Awareness and Attitudes of the Pakistani Population With Regard to Physician-Pharmaceutical Company Interaction: A Cross-Sectional Study" . | FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY 12 (2022) . |
| APA | Gillani, Ali Hassan , Omer, Sumaira , Arshad, Hafsa , Liu, Wenchen , Chen, Chen , Bashir, Sadia et al. Awareness and Attitudes of the Pakistani Population With Regard to Physician-Pharmaceutical Company Interaction: A Cross-Sectional Study . | FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY , 2022 , 12 . |
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Abstract ：
The spread of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR TB) poses significant challenges to the control and successful eradication of TB globally. The current retrospective study was designed to evaluate the treatment outcomes and identify the risk factors associated with unsuccessful outcomes among DR TB patients. A total of 277/308 eligible DR TB patients were enrolled for treatment at the programmatic management unit of DR TB at the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad between January 2014 and July 2019. Treatment outcomes were defined according to the WHO recommendations. Death, treatment failure, and lost to follow-up (LTFU) were collectively grouped as unsuccessful treatment outcomes, whereas cured and treatment completed were summed up together as successful treatment outcomes. Out of the total 277 patients, 265 (95.67%) were multidrug/rifampicin-resistant TB (MDR/RR-TB) cases, 8 (2.89%) were isoniazid resistant cases, and 4 (1.44%) were extensively drug-resistant ones. In the current cohort, a total of 177 (63.9%) achieved successful treatment outcomes. Among them, 153 (55.2%) were declared cured and 24 (8.7%) completed their treatment. Of the remaining 100 (36.1%) patients with unsuccessful outcomes, 60 (21.7%) died, 32 (11.5%) were LTFU, and 8 (2.9%) had failed treatment. The proportion of male patients was relatively higher (55.2%), within the age group of 21-40 years (47.3%) and lived in rural areas (66.8%). The multivariate analysis revealed that unsuccessful outcomes had a statistically significant association with being male (adjusted odds ratio, AOR: 1.92, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.10-3.36), being in an age group above 60 years (AOR: 3.34, 95% CI: 1.09-10.1), suffering from any comorbidity (AOR: 2.69, 95% CI: 1.35-5.38), and the history of use of second-line drugs (AOR; 3.51, 95% CI 1.35-9.12). In conclusion, treatment outcomes among DR TB patients at the study site were poor and did not achieve the treatment success target (>= 75%) set by the World Health Organization.
Keyword ：
antibiotics drug-resistant tuberculosis epidemiology factors treatment success
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| GB/T 7714 | Khan, Farman Ullah , Rehman, Asim Ur , Khan, Faiz Ullah et al. Assessment of Factors Associated with Unfavorable Outcomes among Drug-Resistant TB Patients: A 6-Year Retrospective Study from Pakistan [J]. | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH , 2022 , 19 (3) . |
| MLA | Khan, Farman Ullah et al. "Assessment of Factors Associated with Unfavorable Outcomes among Drug-Resistant TB Patients: A 6-Year Retrospective Study from Pakistan" . | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 19 . 3 (2022) . |
| APA | Khan, Farman Ullah , Rehman, Asim Ur , Khan, Faiz Ullah , Hayat, Khezar , Khan, Amjad , Ahmad, Nafees et al. Assessment of Factors Associated with Unfavorable Outcomes among Drug-Resistant TB Patients: A 6-Year Retrospective Study from Pakistan . | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH , 2022 , 19 (3) . |
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Background: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a growing public health problem. Treatment regimens used against MDR-TB are costly, prolonged, and associated with more side effects as compared with the drug-susceptible tuberculosis. This study was framed to determine the incidence of adverse drug events, risk factors, and their management in MDR-TB patients.Methods: This prospective follow-up cohort study was conducted at the site of programmatic management of drug-resistant TB located at the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad. All patients, irrespective of their age, gender, and ethnicity, were included in the study. Adverse drug events were observed in patients at different time points during the study. Patients enrolled for the treatment from January 2018 were prospectively followed till December 2020 up to their end treatment outcomes.Results: Out of 126 MDR-TB patients enrolled for treatment, 116 met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis. Most patients (50.9%) were between 18 and 45 years of age. A minimum of one adverse event was experienced by (50.9%) patients. Of all the adverse events, gastrointestinal disorders were more frequent (47.4%), followed by arthralgia (28.4%) and psychiatric disturbance (20.6%). Furthermore, multivariate analysis showed a significant association with the incidence of adverse events in patients with age group above 60 years (odds ratio (OR) 4.50; 95% CI 1.05-19.2), active smokers (OR 4.20; 95% CI 1.31-13.4), delayed reporting to the TB center (OR 4.03; 95% CI 1.34-12.1), and treatment without bedaquiline regime (OR 3.54; 95% CI 1.23-10.1). Most of the patients (94.6%), counseled by the pharmacist, were found to be satisfied with the information provided and looked for more pharmacist counseling opportunities in the management of MDR-TB.Conclusion: Current findings recommend that ADEs might be well managed by timely identification and reporting. Bedaquiline coupled with other active medications lowered the chance of ADEs in MDR-TB patients. Elderly patients, active smoking behavior, and those who have a delay in the treatment initiation are more prone to ADEs. Clinical pharmacist's contribution to TB control programs may help caregivers and patients concerning the rational use of medication, early detection, and management of ADEs.
Keyword ：
adverse drug event management multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patient satisfaction pharmacist
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| GB/T 7714 | Khan, Farman Ullah , Khan, Amjad , Khan, Faiz Ullah et al. Assessment of Adverse Drug Events, Their Risk Factors, and Management Among Patients Treated for Multidrug-Resistant TB: A Prospective Cohort Study From Pakistan [J]. | FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY , 2022 , 13 . |
| MLA | Khan, Farman Ullah et al. "Assessment of Adverse Drug Events, Their Risk Factors, and Management Among Patients Treated for Multidrug-Resistant TB: A Prospective Cohort Study From Pakistan" . | FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY 13 (2022) . |
| APA | Khan, Farman Ullah , Khan, Amjad , Khan, Faiz Ullah , Hayat, Khezar , Rehman, Asim ur. , Chang, Jie et al. Assessment of Adverse Drug Events, Their Risk Factors, and Management Among Patients Treated for Multidrug-Resistant TB: A Prospective Cohort Study From Pakistan . | FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY , 2022 , 13 . |
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Background: Despite cannabis's societal ubiquity, several African states remain traditional prohibitionists. However, cannabis is becoming a more explored frontier from a health, human rights, and monetary perspective. A number of African countries have taken to tailoring their policies to better engage in emerging global dialogs. Nevertheless, the focus is majorly on the crop's financial appeal with less consideration on impacts of policies. This review aimed to specifically focus on the identification of existing or pending policies, indicating national positioning in terms of recreational and medicinal cannabis use and summarizing publications addressing related impacts in Africa.Methods: We systematically searched six academic research databases (including Google Scholar), Google, country specific websites, and websites of relevant organizations. Included publications were in English and published between January 1, 2000, and November 31, 2020 (with exception granted to official legislation not in English and/or published earlier than 2000, but still in effect). Reference lists of included publications were screened for potentially relevant publications. Results were synthesized thematically and descriptively.Results: Cannabis is Africa's most consumed illegal substance, its use entrenched in social, political, historical, economic, and medicinal ties. African users constitute a third of the worldly total and cultivation is a major activity. Policies have led to prison overcrowding, accelerated environmental damage, and sourced regional instability. South Africa, Seychelles, and Ghana have decriminalized personal use with Egypt and Mozambique exploring similar legislation. Eleven countries have existing or pending medicinal cannabis-specific provisions. South Africa and Seychelles stand out as having regulations for patients to access medicinal cannabis. Other countries have made provisions geared toward creating export markets and economic diversification.Conclusion: Cannabis policy is a composite and complex issue. Official stances taken are based on long withstanding narratives and characterized by a range of contributing factors. Policy changes based on modern trends should include larger studies of previous policy impacts and future-oriented analysis of country-level goals incorporated with a greater understanding of public opinion.
Keyword ：
Africa cannabis medicinal cannabis policy recreational cannabis
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| GB/T 7714 | Kitchen, Chenai , Kabba, John Alimamy , Fang, Yu . Status and Impacts of Recreational and Medicinal Cannabis Policies in Africa: A Systematic Review and Thematic Analysis of Published and "Gray" Literature [J]. | CANNABIS AND CANNABINOID RESEARCH , 2022 , 7 (3) : 239-261 . |
| MLA | Kitchen, Chenai et al. "Status and Impacts of Recreational and Medicinal Cannabis Policies in Africa: A Systematic Review and Thematic Analysis of Published and "Gray" Literature" . | CANNABIS AND CANNABINOID RESEARCH 7 . 3 (2022) : 239-261 . |
| APA | Kitchen, Chenai , Kabba, John Alimamy , Fang, Yu . Status and Impacts of Recreational and Medicinal Cannabis Policies in Africa: A Systematic Review and Thematic Analysis of Published and "Gray" Literature . | CANNABIS AND CANNABINOID RESEARCH , 2022 , 7 (3) , 239-261 . |
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Introduction: The biomedical industry has grown significantly both globally and in China; however, there are still challenges. This study aimed at evaluating the biopharmaceutical sector of China, in terms of ability to innovate, current sales volume, investment, and R&D expenditure, as well as providing a case study detailing the progress and challenges of the industry in Shaanxi province. Method: A cross-sectional mixed-method study design was used to generate a comprehensive profile of the nature of biopharmaceutical innovation capacity and development in China by triangulating country-wide survey and interview data from Shaanxi province. Only biopharmaceutical companies that are currently marketing or conducting research and development were eligible for inclusion, and Shaanxi province was selected for conducting the interviews. Categorical and continuous variables were analyzed descriptively. Interviews were thematically analyzed by using NVivo version 12. Results: The analysis includes responses from 77 biopharmaceutical enterprises; the majority (36, 46.8%) are in Eastern China, followed by 26 (33.8%) in Central China. In 2018, the total sales of biological products amounted to 26.28 billion yuan, and in 2019, a slight increase was observed (30.34 billion); the amount doubled in 2020 to about 67.91 billion yuan. The top three biopharmaceutical products on sale in 2020 were Camrelizumab (5.14 billion yuan), human albumin (4.56 billion yuan), and human immunoglobulin for injection (3.78 billion yuan). Expenditure on R&D has also increased; it amounted to 1657.7 million yuan in 2018, which more than doubled in 2019 to 3572.1 million yuan and further increased to 5857.7 million yuan in 2020. Nonetheless, the progress is not uniform across all provinces, as shown from the results from Shaanxi province, because of lack of local government policies that will impact on the funding, incentives, and market share that motivate the producers. Conclusion: China’s biopharmaceutical industry has expand significantly. The increase in sales indicates that there is an increase in demand for biologicals; moreover, R&D funding is increasing. These are key indicators that influence innovation and development. However, the sector’s capacity to innovate and develop needs to be improved, particularly in the western region, where research and production are relatively weak. Copyright © 2022 Yang, Kabba, Yao, Yang, Chang, Ji, Jiang, Zhao, Wen and Fang.
Keyword ：
biological medicine; biopharmaceutical; biosimilars; biotechnology; China; innovation
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| GB/T 7714 | Yang, R. , Kabba, J.A. , Yao, X. et al. Current situation and future development of the biopharmaceutical industry in China: A mixed-method study [J]. | Frontiers in Pharmacology , 2022 , 13 . |
| MLA | Yang, R. et al. "Current situation and future development of the biopharmaceutical industry in China: A mixed-method study" . | Frontiers in Pharmacology 13 (2022) . |
| APA | Yang, R. , Kabba, J.A. , Yao, X. , Yang, C. , Chang, J. , Ji, W. et al. Current situation and future development of the biopharmaceutical industry in China: A mixed-method study . | Frontiers in Pharmacology , 2022 , 13 . |
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Objective Drug promotion is a factor that promotes the irrational use of drugs and sometimes negatively influences the prescribing/dispensing pattern. So there was a need to assess the views about accepting gifts and attitudes/influence towards drug promotion among community pharmacists in Punjab, Pakistan. Setting Adopting a preused questionnaire, we conducted a cross-sectional multiple-site survey study. We distributed questionnaires to pharmacists in the community pharmacies to investigate the exposure, scepticism and acceptance to drug promotion as well as their perception about the appropriateness of gifts and to check if they had been taught about dealing with medical representatives. Data were analysed in simple percentages, and the chi(2) test was used to evaluate association with demographics. All the analysis was done using SPSS V.23.0. Results A total 86.9% (463/533) pharmacists completed the survey. One out of four pharmacists reported being taught about the ethics of drug promotion (26.8%) and about how to interpret drug promotional material (25.0%) and were significantly associated with higher age (age 31%-35 years, 81.9%; p<0.05). More than two-thirds of the respondents found it appropriate to accept stationery (73.4%) and textbooks (70.6%) as gifts, and only 17.5% felt it was appropriate to accept direct money. Less than half of the pharmacists (47.3%) perceived drug companies were useful for gaining knowledge about new drugs. Majority (76.2%) thought these drug promotions play a role in the irrational prescribing of antibiotics and 18.6% dispensed antibiotics due to these promotions. Conclusion The majority of pharmacists participating in this study felt it was appropriate to receive small value gifts from pharmaceutical companies. Only a small proportion of the respondents was given ethical training and education about drug promotion. Improving the syllabus and updating the pharmacist's knowledge after graduation, as part of continued pharmacy education, will eventually improve the healthcare professionals' capability to act for the patients' welfare.
Keyword ：
health policy medical ethics public health
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| GB/T 7714 | Gillani, Ali Hassan , Zhao, Mingyue , Hussain, Azzah Khadim et al. Community pharmacists' perception and exposure to drug promotion in Pakistan: a cross-sectional study [J]. | BMJ OPEN , 2022 , 12 (1) . |
| MLA | Gillani, Ali Hassan et al. "Community pharmacists' perception and exposure to drug promotion in Pakistan: a cross-sectional study" . | BMJ OPEN 12 . 1 (2022) . |
| APA | Gillani, Ali Hassan , Zhao, Mingyue , Hussain, Azzah Khadim , Munir, Kiran , Masood, Shamaila , Saeed, Amna et al. Community pharmacists' perception and exposure to drug promotion in Pakistan: a cross-sectional study . | BMJ OPEN , 2022 , 12 (1) . |
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Objective: Surveying public awareness of antibiotic use and antibiotics can identify factors relevant to the design of effective educational campaigns. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to antibiotic use and multidrug-resistant pathogens in the general population in Pakistan.Research Design and Methods: Cross-sectional survey was conducted, using a 60 itemed structured questionnaire and recruited individuals by convenient sampling from the general population in the four provinces of the country. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate the responses and the chi squared statistic was used to assess differences between groups.Results: The response rate was 87.6% (6,684 out of 7,631 individuals). Half of the respondents had received at least one prescription of antibiotics in the 6 months preceding the survey. Knowledge about antibiotic use, (39.8%) individuals scored above the mean (>= 3) showed good knowledge about antibiotic use. Urban residents and male showed significant higher knowledge (p < 0.001) about antibiotic use. Approximately 50% of the respondents correctly answered the question about antibiotic resistance. Of the 3,611 received antibiotics, 855 (23.7%) were indicated for cough, 497 (13.8%) for a sore throat, 335 (9.3%) for ear ache, 665 (18.4%) for a burning sensation during urination, 667 (18.4%) for wounds or soft tissue inflammation. MDR pathogen was perceived as an important topic by (4,010) 60.1% of respondents.Conclusion: Participants were aware of the problem of multidrug-resistant pathogens and understood the responsibility of each individual to avoid the spread of these infectious agents.
Keyword ：
adherence antibiotic use knowledge multi-drug resistant pathogens population-based
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| GB/T 7714 | Arshad, Hafsa , Gillani, Ali Hassan , Akbar, Jamshaid et al. Knowledge on Multi-Drug Resistant Pathogens, Antibiotic Use and Self-Reported Adherence to Antibiotic Intake: A Population-Based Cross Sectional Survey From Pakistan [J]. | FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY , 2022 , 13 . |
| MLA | Arshad, Hafsa et al. "Knowledge on Multi-Drug Resistant Pathogens, Antibiotic Use and Self-Reported Adherence to Antibiotic Intake: A Population-Based Cross Sectional Survey From Pakistan" . | FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY 13 (2022) . |
| APA | Arshad, Hafsa , Gillani, Ali Hassan , Akbar, Jamshaid , Abbas, Huda , Ahmed, Asma Bashir , Gillani, Syed Nouman Hassan et al. Knowledge on Multi-Drug Resistant Pathogens, Antibiotic Use and Self-Reported Adherence to Antibiotic Intake: A Population-Based Cross Sectional Survey From Pakistan . | FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY , 2022 , 13 . |
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Background: Insufficient antimicrobial-related training for physicians during their undergraduate education could have a negative impact on their prescribing. Unlike previous studies, this study not only explored the understanding and perception of Pakistani medical students about antibiotics and resistance, but also their preparedness towards antimicrobial stewardship programs.Methods: An online cross-sectional study was undertaken with final-year medical students using a validated questionnaire from January 2021 to May 2021. Descriptive and inference statistics were applied for data analysis.Results: Of 411 students, only 6.3% had undergone antimicrobial resistance (AMR) training. 16.1% of students believed that antibiotics are effective for viral ailments. More than half of the students agreed that AMR is a major healthcare problem in Pakistan (65.9%). Most students viewed poor infection control practices (66.9%), the use of too many broad-spectrum antibiotics (68.4%) for a longer duration (62.8%) with inadequate doses (67.9%) as the causes of AMR. The student's preparation was insufficient in interpreting microbiological and pathological results (26.3%), selecting the correct antibiotics (22.1%), and awareness of the antibiotic spectrum (20.9%). The median preparedness score showed significant differences with sex (p = 0.049), age (p < 0.001), institute type (p = 0.014), and family income (p = 0.006).Conclusion: Pakistani medical students showed adequate understanding of antibiotics, but lacked preparedness for several components of ASPs, including interpretation of microbiological results and spectrum of antibiotics. More steps need to be taken to prepare medical students for AMR and stewardship initiatives adequately.
Keyword ：
antibiotics antimicrobial resistance antimicrobial stewardship programs medical students Pakistan preparedness
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| GB/T 7714 | Hayat, Khezar , Fatima, Noor , Umer, Muhammad Farooq et al. Understanding of Future Prescribers About Antimicrobial Resistance and Their Preparedness Towards Antimicrobial Stewardship Activities in Pakistan: Findings and Implications [J]. | FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY , 2022 , 13 . |
| MLA | Hayat, Khezar et al. "Understanding of Future Prescribers About Antimicrobial Resistance and Their Preparedness Towards Antimicrobial Stewardship Activities in Pakistan: Findings and Implications" . | FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY 13 (2022) . |
| APA | Hayat, Khezar , Fatima, Noor , Umer, Muhammad Farooq , Khan, Farman Ullah , Khan, Faiz Ullah , Najeeb, Zia ul Rehman et al. Understanding of Future Prescribers About Antimicrobial Resistance and Their Preparedness Towards Antimicrobial Stewardship Activities in Pakistan: Findings and Implications . | FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY , 2022 , 13 . |
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Countries need healthcare professionals who are competent first responders with a positive attitude and prepared to deal with catastrophes. The study evaluated the knowledge, attitude, and readiness of the practice of healthcare professionals towards disaster management. A survey was carried out among hospital healthcare professionals using a self-administered validated questionnaire. The questionnaire comprised knowledge, attitude, and readiness to practice items. Descriptive and inferential statistics (Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, correlation and regression tests) at alpha = 0.05 were used in the analysis. The mean (SD) score of knowledge was 12.25 (4.27) (range: 3.00 to 20.00), attitude (39.32 +/- 9.55; range: 18.00 to 61.00), readiness to practice (32.41 +/- 6.69; range: 21.00 to 61.00), and KArP (83.99 +/- 12.21; range: 60.00 to 124.00). The average knowledge score was moderate, low attitude score, moderate readiness to practice score, and an average score of overall KArP. Attitude is a significant predictor of readiness to practice (p = 0.000). The levels of knowledge, attitude, and readiness of the practice of healthcare professionals were not satisfactory. The educators and health policymakers should build a robust curriculum in disaster medicine management and preparedness to prepare for the future of competent healthcare professionals for the nation.
Keyword ：
disaster disaster preparedness healthcare personnel healthcare settings low- and middle-income countries
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| GB/T 7714 | Gillani, Ali Hassan , Li, Shi , Akbar, Jamshaid et al. How Prepared Are the Health Care Professionals for Disaster Medicine Management? An Insight from Pakistan [J]. | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH , 2022 , 19 (1) . |
| MLA | Gillani, Ali Hassan et al. "How Prepared Are the Health Care Professionals for Disaster Medicine Management? An Insight from Pakistan" . | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 19 . 1 (2022) . |
| APA | Gillani, Ali Hassan , Li, Shi , Akbar, Jamshaid , Omer, Sumaira , Fatima, Bakhtawar , Ibrahim, Mohamed Izham Mohamed et al. How Prepared Are the Health Care Professionals for Disaster Medicine Management? An Insight from Pakistan . | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH , 2022 , 19 (1) . |
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Background: Antibiotics misuse is a global challenge, and the situation is likely to deteriorate in conflict zones with insufficient health services. The misuse of antibiotics is not only associated with antimicrobial resistance but may also lead to serious consequences. This study was aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitude, and practices on antibiotic consumption, antibiotic resistance (ABR), and related suggestions among residents of conflicted zones in Pakistan.Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted at community pharmacies between June 2020 and January 2021. The primary findings were ascertained through thematic content analysis. Themes, sub-themes, and categories were drawn from the final analysis. Data analysis was carried out in six steps from getting to know the data to final report development.Results: A total of 20 consumers were interviewed with a mean interview duration of 25.4 min. The average age of participants was 35.1 years, and most of them were males. ABR was unfamiliar to the participants. Most of the participants understood the term "antibiotics," but they did not know how to use them properly. The participants were unable to distinguish between bacterial and viral illnesses. Thirteen participants believed that antibiotics have a faster effect than any other drug. Most of the participants perceived that every antibiotic could cause diarrhea, and pharmacy staff sometimes prefer other medicines such as multivitamins. Consumer practices regarding antibiotic usage and ABR were found to be poor. Most participants recommended that health officials must ensure qualified staff at pharmacies with strict regulations. Five participants said that a leaflet with antibiotic instructions in Urdu (national language) is usually beneficial, especially when making solutions from powder.Conclusions: This study underscored poor knowledge, attitude, and practices among residents of conflicted zones towards antibiotics and ABR. Low literacy rate, unavailability of healthcare facilities, absence of pharmacists at community pharmacies, and uncontrolled sales of antibiotics are some factors attributed to serious hazards, ABR, and irrational use of drugs.
Keyword ：
antibiotic resistance antibiotic use community pharmacy conflict customers
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| GB/T 7714 | Khan, Faiz Ullah , Mallhi, Tauqeer Hussain , Khan, Farman Ullah et al. Evaluation of Consumers Perspective on the Consumption of Antibiotics, Antibiotic Resistance, and Recommendations to Improve the Rational use of Antibiotics: An Exploratory Qualitative Study From Post-Conflicted Region of Pakistan [J]. | FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY , 2022 , 13 . |
| MLA | Khan, Faiz Ullah et al. "Evaluation of Consumers Perspective on the Consumption of Antibiotics, Antibiotic Resistance, and Recommendations to Improve the Rational use of Antibiotics: An Exploratory Qualitative Study From Post-Conflicted Region of Pakistan" . | FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY 13 (2022) . |
| APA | Khan, Faiz Ullah , Mallhi, Tauqeer Hussain , Khan, Farman Ullah , Hayat, Khezar , Rehman, Asim. Ur , Shah, Shahid et al. Evaluation of Consumers Perspective on the Consumption of Antibiotics, Antibiotic Resistance, and Recommendations to Improve the Rational use of Antibiotics: An Exploratory Qualitative Study From Post-Conflicted Region of Pakistan . | FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY , 2022 , 13 . |
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