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学者姓名：周忠良
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Abstract ：
目的 研制医学生对附属医院的教学满意度调查问卷,通过实际调查对其信度和效度进行评价和问卷的修正,为医学教育满意度测量提供可靠的工具.方法 检索2014-2020年间相关文献,选择可用于客观反映/评价教学质量或满意度的指标,组织问卷小组进行讨论,形成初稿.以在附属医院在读理论课的学生为调查对象,使用自制问卷对随机抽取的58名学生进行预调查.问卷的同质性采用内部一致性信度和重测信度、因素负荷量、相关分析法和主成分因子分析法进行分析.结果 经文献检索、讨论,初步确定包括针对课程体系、教学过程、教学管理服务、硬件设施、总体印象五个维度在内的50个条目的 量表.量表的内部一致性信度Cronbach''s α系数为0.957,KMO=0.864,P＜0.05,根据信度分析、相关分析和主成分分析法,逐步删减问题后形成5个因子38个条目的 问卷,共解释变异度72.85％.4周后进行重测,α系数为0.944.结论 医学生对附属医院教学满意度调查问卷具有良好的信度和效度,能够较好地反映医学生对附属医院教学的满意度,适用于附属医院教学评价.
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| GB/T 7714 | 刘瑛 , 沈迟 , 潘龙飞 et al. 附属医院教学满意度问卷的制作和信效度分析 [J]. | 医学教育研究与实践 , 2021 , 29 (5) : 738-742 . |
| MLA | 刘瑛 et al. "附属医院教学满意度问卷的制作和信效度分析" . | 医学教育研究与实践 29 . 5 (2021) : 738-742 . |
| APA | 刘瑛 , 沈迟 , 潘龙飞 , 程悦 , 周忠良 . 附属医院教学满意度问卷的制作和信效度分析 . | 医学教育研究与实践 , 2021 , 29 (5) , 738-742 . |
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Abstract ：
BackgroundPatient experience is a key measure widely used to evaluate quality of healthcare, yet there is little discussion about it in China using national survey data. This study aimed to explore rural and urban differences in patient experience in China.MethodsData regarding this study were drawn from Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) 2015, with a sample size of 9604. Patient experience was measured by the evaluation on healthcare services. Coarsened exact matching (CEM) method was used to balance covariates between the rural and urban respondents. Three thousand three hundred seventy-two participants finally comprised the matched cohort, including 1592 rural residents and 1780 urban residents. Rural and urban differences in patient experience were tested by ordinary least-squares regression and ordered logistic regression.ResultsThe mean (SD) score of patient experience for rural and urban residents was 72.35(17.32) and 69.45(17.00), respectively. Urban residents reported worse patient experience than rural counterparts (Crude analysis: Coef.=-2.897, 95%CI: -4.434, -1.361; OR=0.706, 95%CI: 0.595, 0.838; Multivariate analysis: Coef.=-3.040, 95%CI: -4.473, -1.607; OR=0.675, 95%CI: 0.569, 0.801). Older (Coef.=2.029, 95%CI: 0.338, 3.719) and healthier (Coef.=2.287, 95%CI: 0.729, 3.845; OR=1.217, 95%CI: 1.008, 1.469) rural residents living in western area (Coef.=2.098, 95%CI: 0.464, 3.732; OR=1.276, 95%CI: 1.044, 1.560) with higher social status (Coef.=1.158, 95%CI: 0.756, 1.561; OR=1.145, 95%CI: 1.090, 1.204), evaluation on adequacy (Coef.=7.018, 95%CI: 5.045, 8.992; OR=2.163, 95%CI: 1.719, 2.721), distribution (Coef.=4.464, 95%CI: 2.471, 6.456; OR=1.658, 95%CI: 1.312, 2.096) and accessibility (Coef.=2.995, 95%CI: 0.963, 5.026; OR=1.525, 95%CI: 1.217, 1.911) of healthcare resources had better patient experience. In addition, urban peers with lower education (OR=0.763, 95%CI: 0.625, 0.931) and higher family economic status (Coef.=2.990, 95%CI: 0.959, 5.021; OR=1.371, 95%CI: 1.090,1.723) reported better patient experience.ConclusionsDifferences in patient experience for rural and urban residents were observed in this study. It is necessary to not only encourage residents to form a habit of seeking healthcare services in local primary healthcare institutions first and then go to large hospitals in urban areas when necessary, but also endeavor to reduce the disparity of healthcare resources between rural and urban areas by improving quality and capacity of rural healthcare institutions and primary healthcare system of China.
Keyword ：
China Coarsened exact matching Patient experience Rural and urban differences
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| GB/T 7714 | Zhao, Dantong , Zhou, Zhongliang , Shen, Chi et al. Rural and urban differences in patient experience in China: a coarsened exact matching study from the perspective of residents [J]. | BMC HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH , 2021 , 21 (1) . |
| MLA | Zhao, Dantong et al. "Rural and urban differences in patient experience in China: a coarsened exact matching study from the perspective of residents" . | BMC HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH 21 . 1 (2021) . |
| APA | Zhao, Dantong , Zhou, Zhongliang , Shen, Chi , Nawaz, Rashed , Li, Dan , Ren, Yangling et al. Rural and urban differences in patient experience in China: a coarsened exact matching study from the perspective of residents . | BMC HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH , 2021 , 21 (1) . |
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Background China's government launched a large-scale healthcare reform from 2009. One of the main targets of this round reform was to improve the primary health care system. Major reforms for primary healthcare institutions include increasing government investment. However, there are insufficient empirical studies based on large sample to catch long-term effect of increased government subsidy and lack of sufficient incentives on township healthcare centers (THCs), therefore, this study aims to provide additional empirical evidence on the concern by conducting an empirical analysis of THCs in Shaanxi province in China. Methods We collected nine years (2009 to 2017) data of THCs from the Health Finance Annual Report System (HFARS) that was acquired from the Health Commission of Shaanxi Province. We applied two-way fixed effect model and continue difference-in-difference (DID) model to estimate the effect of percentage of government subsidy on medical provision. Results A clear jump of the average percentage of government subsidy to total revenue of THCs can be found in Shaanxi province in 2011, and the average percentage has been more than 60% after 2011. Continue DID models indicate every 1% percentage of government subsidy to total revenue increase after 2011 resulted in a decrease of 1.1 to 3.5% in THCs healthcare provision (1.9% in medical revenue, 1.2% in outpatient visit, 3.5% in total occupy beds of inpatient, 1.1% in surgery revenue, 2.1% in sickbed utilization rate). The results show that the THCs with high government subsidy reduce the number of medical services after 2011. Conclusions We think that it is no doubt that the government should take more responsibility for the financing of primary healthcare institutions, the problem is when government plays a central role in the financing and delivery of primary health care services, more effective incentives should be developed.
Keyword ：
China Healthcare reform Incentives Township healthcare centers
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| GB/T 7714 | Shen, Chi , Zhou, Zhongliang , Lai, Sha et al. Whether high government subsidies reduce the healthcare provision of township healthcare centers in rural China [J]. | BMC HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH , 2021 , 21 (1) . |
| MLA | Shen, Chi et al. "Whether high government subsidies reduce the healthcare provision of township healthcare centers in rural China" . | BMC HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH 21 . 1 (2021) . |
| APA | Shen, Chi , Zhou, Zhongliang , Lai, Sha , Dong, Wanyue , Zhao, Yaxin , Cao, Dan et al. Whether high government subsidies reduce the healthcare provision of township healthcare centers in rural China . | BMC HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH , 2021 , 21 (1) . |
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BackgroundSolving inequality of health human resource (HHR) is one of the motives of Pakistan health policies, however, there is still exists a massive quantity of HHR inequality in almost every district of Pakistan. The main goal of this research is to scrutinize the disparity in allocation of human health resources among 114 regions of Pakistan from the year 2012 to 2016 and to expose the foundations and aspects of HHR inequality.MethodsThe data regarding this research has been obtained from Pakistan Statistical Bureau from the year 2012 to 2016. The statistics had also been collected from United Nation Development Program (UNDP) Pakistan 2017, Pakistan economic surveys, Ministry of finance Islamabad, Pakistan, Pakistan Social and Living standards Measurement (PSLM) Surveys from 2012 to 2016. The information incorporates district wise; the number of specialists and medical caretakers those are doctors and nurses, number of hospitals, number of beds, number of dispensaries, number of beds in dispensaries, urbanization, total estimated GNI per capita, infant mortality rate, geographical area, and population size. The concentration index is used to compute the extent of disparity in allocation of human health resources and decomposition analysis is also carried out to enumerate the contribution of each variable towards total inequality. Furthermore, the horizontal concentration was used to measure the participation of the need variable.Results7. The consequent Concentration Indexes (CI) of the doctors and nurses for the year 2016 are 0.60 (95% CI= 0.42, 0.78) and 0.67 (95% CI= 0.42, 0.92) respectively. Decomposition of the concentration indexes exposed that the monetary status accounts are the leading percentage contributor in doctors disparity (77.5, 44.9, 30.6, -11.6% and 13%) and population size (-20.7,-10.5%, 4.6, 49.8, 19.7%). Furthermore, the monetary status formulates the superior contribution HHR disparity from nurses inequality (104.5, 75.1, 59.2, -54.3%, -40.1%), and population size (-53.7, -53.6%, -36.3, 83.8, 65.3%). Moreover, after the identification of the need variable the Horizontal Concentration Index (HCI) values of doctors from the year 2012 to 2016 are 0.62, 0.64, 0.63, 0.62 and 0.61 and HCI of the nurses are 0.69, 0.70, 0.69, 0.68 and 0.67.ConclusionThe pro-rich disparity in allocation of HHR has been scrutinized from the year 2012 to 2016 among 114 districts of Pakistan. The hard concern of HHR disparity should be concentrated by the complete procedures from a multidisciplinary approach.
Keyword ：
Concentration index Decomposition analysis District Horizontal concentration index Human health resource Inequality
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| GB/T 7714 | Nawaz, Rashed , Zhou, Zhongliang , Khalid, Neelum et al. Income-related inequality in distribution of health human resource among districts of Pakistan [J]. | BMC HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH , 2021 , 21 (1) . |
| MLA | Nawaz, Rashed et al. "Income-related inequality in distribution of health human resource among districts of Pakistan" . | BMC HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH 21 . 1 (2021) . |
| APA | Nawaz, Rashed , Zhou, Zhongliang , Khalid, Neelum , Cao, Dan , Liu, Guanping , Ren, Yangling et al. Income-related inequality in distribution of health human resource among districts of Pakistan . | BMC HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH , 2021 , 21 (1) . |
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This study aims to investigate the difference of pelvic size and shape between Tibetan and Chinese Han women. Data on pelvic dimension measures including interspinous diameter (IS), intercrestal diameter (IC), external conjugate (EC) and transverse outlet (TO) were acquired from two population-based studies amongst Tibetan women in Lhasa, and Chinese Han women in Shaanxi province in China. After coarsened exact matching, there was no statistical difference between any characteristics amongst Tibetan and Chinese Han women (p>.05). The generalised estimating equation models showed Tibetan women had significantly lower IS and IC means than Chinese Han women (IS: 24.39 cm vs. 24.77 cm, p<.001; IC: 26.35 cm vs. 26.93 cm, p<.001) but statistically higher in TO mean (9.12 cm vs. 9.03 cm, p<.001). This study showed Tibetan women have smaller pelvis compared to Chinese Han women. This should offer a useful literature on the comparison of pelvis between Tibetan and Chinese Han women although the difference is small.Impact Statement What is already known on this subject? Previous studies in China indicated different populations have different dimensions of pelvis, with the pelvis of Uighur women being bigger than Chinese Han women, and that of Zhuang and Tu women being smaller than Chinese Han women. Little research reports the specific size of Tibetan women's pelvis. Living at high altitude, the Tibetan population have differentiated demographics and show local adaptions, such as unelevated haemoglobin, and significant catch-up growth for infants compared with Chinese Han infants. Therefore, there is a strong rationale for better understanding pelvic characteristics amongst this population. What the results of this study add? This study showed Tibetan women have smaller pelvises compared to Chinese Han women. Tibetan women have a smaller interspinous diameter and intercrestal diameter than Chinese Han women, which leads to relatively narrow hip. What the implications are of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? This study provides useful comparative information on pelvic features between Tibetan and Chinese Han women although the findings of differences were small. In addition, during the formulation of women's health policy, the results of this study can provide data to support the selection of appropriate indicators of obstetrics and gynaecology for different populations of pregnant women during antenatal care and delivery.
Keyword ：
Chinese Han women coarsened exact matching Pelvis population-based study Tibetan women
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| GB/T 7714 | Fan, Xiaojing , Zhou, Zhongliang , Stewart, Martyn et al. Comparing the pelvis of Tibetan and Chinese Han women in rural areas of China: two population-based studies using coarsened exact matching [J]. | JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY , 2021 , 42 (3) : 403-409 . |
| MLA | Fan, Xiaojing et al. "Comparing the pelvis of Tibetan and Chinese Han women in rural areas of China: two population-based studies using coarsened exact matching" . | JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY 42 . 3 (2021) : 403-409 . |
| APA | Fan, Xiaojing , Zhou, Zhongliang , Stewart, Martyn , Wang, Duolao , Lan, Xin , Dang, Shaonong et al. Comparing the pelvis of Tibetan and Chinese Han women in rural areas of China: two population-based studies using coarsened exact matching . | JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY , 2021 , 42 (3) , 403-409 . |
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Depression amongst the elderly population is a worldwide public health problem, especially in China. Affected by the urban-rural dual structure, depressive symptoms of the elderly in urban and rural areas are significantly different. In order to compare depressive symptoms and its influencing factors among the elderly in urban and rural areas, we used the data from the fourth wave of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). A total of 7690 participants at age 60 or older were included in this study. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the prevalence estimate of depression between urban and rural elderly (chi(2) = 10.9.76, p < 0.001). The prevalence of depression among rural elderly was significantly higher than that of urban elderly (OR-unadjusted = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.67 to 2.12). After adjusting for gender, age, marital status, education level, minorities, religious belief, self-reported health, duration of sleep, life satisfaction, chronic disease, social activities and having income or not, the prevalence of depression in rural elderly is 1.52 times (OR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.32 to 1.76) than that of urban elderly. Gender, education level, self-reported health, duration of sleep, chronic diseases were associated with depression in both urban and rural areas. In addition, social activities were connected with depression in urban areas, while minorities, marital status and having income or not were influencing factors of depression among the rural elderly. The interaction analysis showed that the interaction between marital status, social activities and urban and rural sources was statistically significant (divorced: coefficient was 1.567, p < 0.05; social activities: coefficient was 0.340, p < 0.05), while gender, education level, minorities, self-reported health, duration of sleep, life satisfaction, chronic disease, social activities having income or not and urban and rural sources have no interaction (p > 0.05). Thus, it is necessary to propose targeted and precise intervention strategies to prevent depression after accurately identifying the factors' effects.
Keyword ：
CHARLS (wave 4) depressive symptoms difference of urban and rural area elderly
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| GB/T 7714 | Liu, Haixia , Fan, Xiaojing , Luo, Huanyuan et al. Comparison of Depressive Symptoms and Its Influencing Factors among the Elderly in Urban and Rural Areas: Evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) [J]. | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH , 2021 , 18 (8) . |
| MLA | Liu, Haixia et al. "Comparison of Depressive Symptoms and Its Influencing Factors among the Elderly in Urban and Rural Areas: Evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS)" . | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 18 . 8 (2021) . |
| APA | Liu, Haixia , Fan, Xiaojing , Luo, Huanyuan , Zhou, Zhongliang , Shen, Chi , Hu, Naibao et al. Comparison of Depressive Symptoms and Its Influencing Factors among the Elderly in Urban and Rural Areas: Evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) . | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH , 2021 , 18 (8) . |
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Background Caring for grandchildren is regarded as one of the principle roles of middle- and old-aged adults, especially among rural Chinese grandparents. This study aims to examine the gender differences in depressive symptoms of rural Chinese grandparents caring for grandchildren, based on the gender differences in grandparental role engagement and the theories of role strain and role enhancement. Methods A total of 4833 rural citizens with one or more grandchildren were selected from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) conducted in 2015. Grandchild care was measured by continuous variable (duration) and categorical variable (no care, low intensity, moderate intensity, high intensity). Depressive symptoms were assessed by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). We used coarsened exact matching (CEM) to balance the covariates of caregivers and non-caregivers. Following CEM, 1975 non-caregivers and 2212 caregivers were identified (N = 4187). Multilevel linear regression was employed to examine the gender differences in depressive symptoms. We also tested for the moderating role of gender on the association between grandchild care and depressive symptoms. Results Grandmothers were more likely to provide grandchild care (54.42% vs 51.43%) at high intensity (61.46% vs 51.01%), with longer duration (39.24 h vs 33.15 h) than that given by grandfathers. Grandmothers suffered more from depressive symptoms than grandfathers, and such gap increased when grandparents were involved in high-intensity care. Grandmothers providing grandchild care, particularly at moderate intensity, were associated with fewer depressive symptoms (Coef. = - 0.087, 95%CI: - 0.163, - 0.010; Coef. = - 0.291, 95%CI: - 0.435, - 0.147), compared with non-caregivers. Grandmothers giving moderate intensity of grandchild care were also associated with fewer depressive symptoms (Coef. = - 0.171, 95% CI: - 0.313, - 0.029), compared with those with low-intensity care. However, such associations were not significant among grandfathers. Conclusions Our findings highlight the gender differences in depressive symptoms of rural Chinese grandparents caring for grandchildren. Grandparents should be encouraged to engage in grandchild care, but at moderate intensity. The health status of middle- and old-aged adults, particularly females, should be monitored closely. Humanistic care, preventive care and curative treatment strategies focusing on such populations should be developed and refined.
Keyword ：
Depressive symptoms Gender differences Grandchild care Intensity Rural China
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| GB/T 7714 | Zhao, Dantong , Zhou, Zhongliang , Shen, Chi et al. Gender differences in depressive symptoms of rural Chinese grandparents caring for grandchildren [J]. | BMC PUBLIC HEALTH , 2021 , 21 (1) . |
| MLA | Zhao, Dantong et al. "Gender differences in depressive symptoms of rural Chinese grandparents caring for grandchildren" . | BMC PUBLIC HEALTH 21 . 1 (2021) . |
| APA | Zhao, Dantong , Zhou, Zhongliang , Shen, Chi , Ibrahim, Sahardid , Zhao, Yaxin , Cao, Dan et al. Gender differences in depressive symptoms of rural Chinese grandparents caring for grandchildren . | BMC PUBLIC HEALTH , 2021 , 21 (1) . |
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Background Improving health equity is a fundamental goal for establishing social health insurance. This article evaluated the benefits of the Integration of Social Medical Insurance (ISMI) policy for health services utilization in rural China. Methods Using the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal study (2011-2018), we estimated the changes in rates and equity in health services utilization by a generalized linear mixed model, concentration curves, concentration indices, and a horizontal inequity index before and after the introduction of the ISMI policy. Results For the changes in rates, the generalized linear mixed model showed that the rate of inpatient health services utilization (IHSU) nearly doubled after the introduction of the ISMI policy (8.78 % vs. 16.58 %), while the rate of outpatient health services utilization (OHSU) decreased (20.25 % vs. 16.35 %) after the implementation of the policy. For the changes in inequity, the concentration index of OHSU decreased significantly from - 0.0636 (95 % CL: -0.0846, - 0.0430) before the policy to - 0.0457 (95 % CL: -0.0684, - 0.0229) after it. In addition, the horizontal inequity index decreased from - 0.0284 before the implementation of the policy to - 0.0171 after it, indicating that the inequity of OHSU was further reduced. The concentration index of IHSU increased significantly from - 0.0532 (95 % CL: -0.0868, - 0.0196) before the policy was implemented to - 0.1105 (95 % CL: -0.1333, - 0.0876) afterwards; the horizontal inequity index of IHSU increased from - 0.0066 before policy implementation to - 0.0595 afterwards, indicating that more low-income participants utilized inpatient services after the policy came into effect. Conclusions The ISMI policy had a positive effect on improving the rate of IHSU but not on the rate of OHSU. This is in line with this policy's original intention of focusing on inpatient service rather than outpatients to achieve its principal goal of preventing catastrophic health expenditure. The ISMI policy had a positive effect on reducing the inequity in OHSU but a negative effect on the decrease in inequity in IHSU. Further research is needed to verify this change. This research on the effects of integration policy implementation may be useful to policy makers and has important policy implications for other developing countries facing similar challenges on the road to universal health coverage.
Keyword ：
Equity Health services utilization Rural China Social medical insurance
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| GB/T 7714 | Fan, Xiaojing , Su, Min , Si, Yafei et al. The benefits of an integrated social medical insurance for health services utilization in rural China: evidence from the China health and retirement longitudinal study [J]. | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR EQUITY IN HEALTH , 2021 , 20 (1) . |
| MLA | Fan, Xiaojing et al. "The benefits of an integrated social medical insurance for health services utilization in rural China: evidence from the China health and retirement longitudinal study" . | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR EQUITY IN HEALTH 20 . 1 (2021) . |
| APA | Fan, Xiaojing , Su, Min , Si, Yafei , Zhao, Yaxin , Zhou, Zhongliang . The benefits of an integrated social medical insurance for health services utilization in rural China: evidence from the China health and retirement longitudinal study . | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR EQUITY IN HEALTH , 2021 , 20 (1) . |
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Background Obesity has been generally understudied in Asian Americans. It is important to identify subgroups of Asian Americans at high risk of obesity to help develop targeted interventions for those subgroups. This study aimed to examine the disparities in obesity among Asians (i.e., Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese) living in California. Methods A sample of Adult Americans in California (n = 47,970) including Asian American adults (n = 3810) aged 18 years or older were obtained from the 2013-2014 California Health Interview Survey (the U.S. nation's largest state cross-sectional health survey). Body mass index was calculated using self-reported height and weight. Weight status was determined using the WHO Asian BMI cut points in 4 categories: < 18.5 kg/m(2) (underweight), 18.5-22.9 kg/m(2) (normal weight), 23-27.5 kg/m(2) (overweight), and >= 27.5 kg/m(2) (obese). Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to estimate odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) after adjustment for covariates. Results Overall, the prevalence of Asians was 23.3% for obesity and 40.0% for overweight. The obesity prevalence was higher in Asians who were males, aged 45-64 years old, had higher family income, were current smokers, never got married, had lower education level, had an insufficient level of physical activity, and had more frequent consumption of fast foods. After adjusting for other factors, compared to Whites, being Hispanics and Blacks were associated with higher odds of obesity (OR = 1.47, 95%CI = 1.31-1.65; OR = 2.04, 95%CI = 1.65-2.53, respectively); being Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese were associated with lower odds of obesity (OR = 0.28, 95%CI = 0.18-0.45; OR = 0.14, 95%CI = 0.04-0.46; OR = 0.28, 95%CI = 0.14-0.58, respectively). Compared to Chinese, being Japanese and Filipino were associated with higher odds of obesity (OR = 2.75, 95%CI = 1.52-4.95; OR = 2.90, 95%CI = 1.87-4.49, respectively). Conclusions The prevalence of adult obesity was high among Asian Americans in California. Ethnic/racial disparities in obesity among Asian Americans in California were observed in 2013-2014. Compared to Whites, being Chinese, Korean, Vietnamese were associated with lower odds of obesity. Among Asians, compared to Chinese, being Japanese and being Filipino were associated with higher odds of obesity. These findings can help design better interventions to reduce racial and ethnic disparities in obesity, especially for Asian Americans.
Keyword ：
Asian Americans Ethnicity Health disparity Obesity
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| GB/T 7714 | Gong, Shaoqing , Wang, Kesheng , Li, Ying et al. Ethnic group differences in obesity in Asian Americans in California, 2013-2014 [J]. | BMC PUBLIC HEALTH , 2021 , 21 (1) . |
| MLA | Gong, Shaoqing et al. "Ethnic group differences in obesity in Asian Americans in California, 2013-2014" . | BMC PUBLIC HEALTH 21 . 1 (2021) . |
| APA | Gong, Shaoqing , Wang, Kesheng , Li, Ying , Zhou, Zhongliang , Alamian, Arsham . Ethnic group differences in obesity in Asian Americans in California, 2013-2014 . | BMC PUBLIC HEALTH , 2021 , 21 (1) . |
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BackgroundThe aim of this study was to assess the trends in equity of receiving inpatient health service utilization (IHSU) in China over the period 2011-2018.MethodsLongitudinal data obtained from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Studies were used to determine trends in receiving IHSU. Concentration curves, concentration indices, and horizontal inequity indices were applied to evaluate the trends in equity of IHSU.ResultsThis study showed that the annual rate of IHSU gradually increased from 7.99% in 2011 to 18.63% in 2018. Logistic regression shows that the rates of annual IHSU in 2018 were nearly 3 times (OR=2.86, 95%CL: 2.57, 3.19) higher for rural respondents and 2.5 times (OR=2.49, 95%CL: 1.99, 3.11) higher for urban respondents than the rates in 2011 after adjusting for other variables. Concentration curves both in urban and rural respondents lay above the line of equality from 2011 to 2018. The concentration index remained negative and increased significantly from -0.0147 (95% CL: -0.0506, 0.0211) to -0.0676 (95% CL: -0.0894, -0.458), the adjusted concentration index kept the same tendency. The horizontal inequity index was positive in 2011 but became negative from 2013 to 2018, evidencing a pro-low-economic inequity trend.ConclusionsWe find that the inequity of IHSU for the middle-aged and elderly increased over the past 10years, becoming more focused on the lower-economic population. Economic status, lifestyle factors were the main contributors to the pro-low-economic inequity. Health policies to allocate resources and services are needed to satisfy the needs of the middle-aged and elderly.
Keyword ：
Equity Inpatient health service utilization Middle-aged and elderly
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| GB/T 7714 | Fan, Xiaojing , Su, Min , Zhao, Yaxin et al. Trends in equity of inpatient health service utilization for the middle-aged and elderly in China: based on longitudinal data from 2011 to 2018 [J]. | BMC PUBLIC HEALTH , 2021 , 21 (1) . |
| MLA | Fan, Xiaojing et al. "Trends in equity of inpatient health service utilization for the middle-aged and elderly in China: based on longitudinal data from 2011 to 2018" . | BMC PUBLIC HEALTH 21 . 1 (2021) . |
| APA | Fan, Xiaojing , Su, Min , Zhao, Yaxin , Si, Yafei , Zhou, Zhongliang . Trends in equity of inpatient health service utilization for the middle-aged and elderly in China: based on longitudinal data from 2011 to 2018 . | BMC PUBLIC HEALTH , 2021 , 21 (1) . |
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