Nanorods-arrayed　coatings　show　topographical　parameters-dependent　immunomodulation　that　plays　a　key　role　in　angiogenesis　and　consequent　osseoinegration,　while　immunomodulation　by　interrod　spacing,　as　a　solely　altered　topographic　parameter　of　an　array,　has　not　been　clarified　yet.　In　this　context,　four　kinds　of　nanorods-arrayed　coatings,　appearing　similar　surface　roughness　and　hydrophilia,　were　hydrothermally　grown　on　Ti.　The　coatings　comprise　a　bilayer　structure　with　compact　nanogranular　Na2TiO3　as　an　inner　layer　and　Na2TiO3　nanorods-patterned　array　as　an　outer　layer.　The　nanorods　in　the　coatings　exhibit　identical　rod　diameter　and　length　but　different　interrod　spacing　values　of　~　45,　75,　140,　and　245　nm,　respectively.　Compared　to　Ti,　the　arrayed　coatings　promote　adhesion　and　filopodia　formation　of　macrophages　to　accelarate　their　transformation　from　pro-inflammatory　M1　phenotype　to　anti-inflammatory　M2　phenotype.　Moreover,　the　accelaration　is　more　pronounced　by　the　coatings　with　nanoscale　interrod　spacing　(especially　~　75　nm)　compared　to　those　with　submicro-scale　spacing.　The　rapid　phenotypic　switch　of　macrophages　on　the　arrayed　coatings　trigers　the　increase　in　their　secretion　of　pro-angiogenic　factors,　including　PDGF-BB,　ANG1　and　SDF-1,　to　enhance　recruitment　and　angiogenesis　of　human　umbilical　vein　endothelial　cells　(HUVECs)　in　co-culture　condition,　and　the　enhancment　is　the　most　pronounced　for　HUVECs　in　response　to　macrophages　on　~　75　nm　spaced　nanorods-arrayed　coating.　Owing　to　the　favorable　immune　microenvironment　induced　by　the　coating　and　consequently　enhanced　angiogenesis,　~　75　nm　spaced　nanorods-arrayed　coating　exhibits　the　best　osseoinetegration　in　rat　femoral　condyles.　Our　work　provides　insights　into　the　surface　structural　design　of　an　orthopedic　implant　favoring　osseointegration.　©　2021　Elsevier　B.V.