Poverty　is　increasingly　stressed　in　Payment　for　Ecosystem　Services　(PES)　schemes,　from　targeting　to　outcomes.　As　the　world＇s　largest　PES　scheme　of　its　kind,　the　Sloping　Land　Conversion　Program　in　China　started　its　new　stage　(NSLCP),　aiming　to　convert　another　2.9　million　ha　sloping　croplands　into　forest　or　grasslands.　This　paper　examines　whether　and　to　what　extent　different　dimensions　of　poverty　impact　households＇　participation　in　the　NSLCP.　By　using　the　data　collected　from　a　key　demonstration　area,　Wuqi　County　in　2015,　based　on　Sen＇s　capability　theory,　we　measure　the　multidimensional　poverty　of　the　households,　like　poverty　in　education,　physical　health,　food　security,　rights,　assets　and　living　standards.　Then,　we　evaluate　the　effects　of　different　poverty　dimensions　on　households＇　participation　in　the　NSLCP　and　their　efforts　to　comply　with　the　policy.　We　find　that　different　dimensions　of　poverty　had　very　different　impacts,　as　revealed　in　the　participating　rate　and　the　intensity　of　efforts　to　manage　the　enrolled　lands　through　different　methods.　The　households　with　poverty　in　education,　food　security,　or　rights　were　less　likely　to　be　enrolled　in　the　NSLCP.　Dimensions　like　income,　health　and　assets　were　significant　contributions　to　fulfill　the　practices　required　by　the　NSLCP.　Besides,　the　degree　of　multidimensional　poverty　further　weakened　households＇　efforts　to　manage　and　protect　the　trees　on　enrolled　lands.